The strain of growth: How new development pressures aging infrastructure and what can be done - by Ting Chang

As cities and communities continue to expand with new residential and commercial development, the strain on aging infrastructure becomes increasingly evident. While new construction brings economic growth, housing opportunities, and increased tax revenue, it also places additional pressure on systems that, in many cases, were not designed to support the rapid pace or scale of today’s development.

One of the most visibly affected areas is transportation infrastructure. Roads, highways, and bridges, many of which were built decades ago, are experiencing higher volumes of traffic from both residents and commercial activity. The added load leads to faster wear and tear, increased congestion, and a greater need for ongoing maintenance. In areas where infrastructure investment has lagged, the risk of deterioration and even failure becomes more pronounced.

Underground, the situation is often more critical. Sewer and water systems, particularly in older neighborhoods and urban centers, are struggling to keep up. Originally constructed to serve smaller populations, many of these systems now face the burden of supporting dense housing developments, shopping centers, and business parks. Overloaded sewer lines can result in backups, flooding, and environmental hazards, especially during heavy rainfall.

A growing concern tied to both new development and climate change is stormwater management. As more land is covered by impervious surfaces such as roads, parking lots, and rooftops, less rainwater is absorbed naturally into the ground. This significantly increases surface runoff, overwhelming stormwater infrastructure, much of which is outdated or undersized. With extreme weather events becoming more frequent and severe, the risk of flash flooding, erosion, and water pollution is rising. Stormwater systems originally designed for past climate norms are now incapable of managing today’s intense rainfall patterns, putting both property and public safety at risk.

Water infrastructure, similarly, is challenged by increased demand, aging pipes, and the need for modernized treatment facilities. Inadequate systems not only affect water quality and availability but also threaten long-term sustainability in growing communities.

Failing to address these stresses can have serious consequences. From service disruptions and road closures to environmental degradation and public health risks, deteriorating infrastructure can erode community trust and hinder economic development. Poor infrastructure also discourages private investment and complicates emergency response during disasters.

To support sustainable growth, communities must plan ahead and invest wisely. Comprehensive infrastructure assessments should be integrated into the development approval process. This allows cities to understand how proposed projects will impact existing systems and what upgrades may be necessary.

Collaborative solutions, such as public-private partnerships, can be particularly effective. Developers may contribute to funding or constructing infrastructure improvements that directly benefit their projects. This approach not only offsets public costs but also aligns private investment with long-term public needs.

Municipalities must also prioritize strategic investment in modernizing critical infrastructure. In this regard, recent federal initiatives have created unprecedented opportunities. The $1.2 trillion Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, signed in November 2021, represents a historic investment in the nation’s transportation, water, broadband, energy, and climate resilience systems. Similarly, the $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan, signed in March 2021, provided significant funding to state and local governments, some of which is being directed toward water, sewer, and stormwater infrastructure upgrades. These programs offer vital support for communities looking to strengthen their foundations and accommodate future growth.

At the same time, embracing green infrastructure such as bioswales, permeable pavement, green roofs, and rain gardens can significantly ease the burden on stormwater systems while improving environmental resilience. These solutions manage runoff more naturally and help reduce flooding during heavy storms.

Emerging technologies like smart traffic management systems, leak detection tools, and real-time monitoring of infrastructure conditions also offer ways to improve performance and reduce long-term costs.

Equally important is thoughtful land-use planning. Encouraging infill development and higher-density housing in areas already equipped with robust infrastructure can help prevent sprawl and overextension. Zoning policies that promote compact, connected communities can reduce the pressure on roads, utilities, and stormwater systems while enhancing quality of life.

In addition, for economic gain, new development should be welcomed as an opportunity for rethinking and reinvesting in the systems that support daily life. With careful planning, strong partnerships, climate-conscious design, and the strategic use of federal, state, and local funding, communities can ensure that infrastructure not only keeps pace with growth but is prepared for the challenges of tomorrow.

Ting Chang, PE, LEED AP, is a senior project manager in the civil engineering department, TFMoran Inc., Bedford N.H.